An array, A, is defined as follows:

• A[0]=0
• A[x]=A[x-1] ⨁x for x>0, where ⨁ refers to XOR.

You must answer Q questions. Each ith question, is in the form L[i] R[i] , and the answer is A[Li] ⨁ A[Li+1] ⨁ … ⨁ A[Ri-1] ⨁ A[Ri] (the Xor-Sum of segment [Li ,Ri] ). Print the answer to each question.

Input Format

The first line contains Q (the number of questions). The Q subsequent lines each contain two space separated integers,L and R, respectively. Line contains Li and Ri .

Constraints

1<=Q<=10^5
1<=Li<=Ri<=10^15

Output Format

On a new line for each test case i , print the exclusive-or of A's elements in the inclusive range between indices Li and Ri